Pump History
Year Event
2000 BC Egyptions invent the Shadoof
200 BC Ctesibus invents the reciprocating pump
Archimedean screw pump described by Archimedes
1580 Sliding vane pump invented by Ramelli
1593 Service invents the gear pump
1650 Otto van Guericke invents his piston vacuum pump
1674 Sir Samuel Morland patents the packed pluger pump
1790 Plenty Ltd established - Thomas Simpson establishes his pump business in London
1815 Hayward Tyler established
1830 Screw pump invented by Revillion
1834 Sulzer Brothers founded
1840 Henry R Worthington invents the first direct-acting stream pump
1848 Goulds Pumps founded
1851 John Gwynne patents his centrifugal pump improvements
1853 Boremann Pumpen founded
1857 Roper Pump Company founded
1859 Jacob Edson invents the first reciprocating stream pump
1860 Allweiler founded - A.S. Cameron invents the first reciprocating stream pump
1862 Lawrence Pumps established - Philipp Hilge founded
1866 Lederle founded
1868 Sigma Lutin founded
1871 KSB established, Southern Cros established in Australia - George and James Weir set up the partnership that will become the Weir Group
1875 Hodgkin and Neuhaus, forerunner of SPP founded
1877 Ritz Pumpenfabrik established
1881 Halberg MA schienbau founded
1883 Holden & Brooke founded
1884 A W Chesterton founded
1888 Kirloskar Brothers Ltd founded
1890 Salmson starts making pumps in Paris
1893 Uraca Pumpenfabric founded
1894 Sero Pumpenfabric founded
1896 KSB opens UK subsidiary
1897 Worthington Pump Company and Thomos Simpson amalgamate to from Worthington Simpson Ltd.
1901 Flygts forerunner Stenberg founded
1905 Leistriz Company established
1906 Stuart Turner Ltd founded
1907 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries produced its first pump
1909 Fristam Pumpen and Ernst Vogel founded - Ingersoll Rand enters the pump business by acquiring the Cameron Steam Pump Works
1910 Dickow Pumpen and Hitachi founded
1911 Jeans Nielsen builds the first Viking internal gear pump, founded the Viking Pump Company
1912 Ebara Corporation founded
1916 Worthington Pump & Machinery Corporation acquire Worthington Simpson Ltd
1917 John Crane founded - Louis Berqeron invented the concrete volute pump and founded Bergeron S.A.
1918 Scanpump and CCM Sulzer founded
1919 Torishima Pump Mfg Co and Kawamoto Pump Mfg Co established
1920 Bombas Itur Werner Pumpen and SIHI established
1921 Labour founded
1923 Peerless founded
1924 Leistritz starts making screw pumps - Rheinhuette starts pump production
1927 Edur Pumpenfabrik founded
1928 Girdlestone Pumps founded
1929 Pleuger pioneers the submersible turbine pump motor - Stenberg and Flygt commence their cooperation
1930 Rene Moineau receives a dectorate for his thesis which will lead to the invention of the progressing cavity pump Ensival starts selling centrifugal pumps
1932 Sarlin Pumps founded - Bran + Luebbe founded
1933 Bush pump invented Gormann-Rupp established
1936 Robbins & Myers acquires North American license for the Moineau progressing cavity pump
Mono Pump Ltd formed to manufacture and distribute Moinequ's pump design in the UK
1937 Sigmund Pump Warman International founded
1940 Grindex founded
1941 Britsh Pump Manufacturers Association founded
1945 Grundfos Pumps, Caprari and Flexibox founded
1946 Cornell Pump, Klaus Union, Totton Pumps founded
1947 HMD Seal/Less Pumps established Hyundai founded
1948 Stenberg Flygt AB design the first submersible drainage pump, Varisco commences pump production
1949 HMD supplies its first production magnet-drive pump
1951 Tsurumi and Netzsch Mohnopumpen founded
1952 Lewa and Rovatti founded
1953 Nikkiso established
1955 Wilden and DMW Corporation established Borg-Warner acquires Byron Jackson
1956 Flygt introduces the submersible sewage pump
1957 Richter Chemie-Technik founded
1959 ABS and Calped FOUNDED
1960 David Brown Pump division formed
1961 Ingersoll-Rand acquires the Aldrich Pump Company
1962 Acromet commences operations
1965 Warren Rupp founded Sulzer acquires majority interest in Weise & Monski
1966 ITT acquires Jabsco
1967 Scienco founded
1968 Johnson Pump International founded Weir acquires Harland Engineering and ITT Corporation acquires Flygt
1970 Weir buys Drysdate ; Ingersoll-Rand buys Sigmund Pump Ltd (GB) in Gateshead, UK
1971 Sihi takes over Halberg Turbonsan founded
1972 Seepex Seeberger founded
1973 Crest Pumps Ltd founded
1976 Worthington acquires Sier-Bath Pump Division from Gilbarco
1977 Ingersoll-Rand buys Western Land Roller Irrigation Pumps
Sterling Fluid System (TBG) buys Peerless Pump
1979 SPP acquires Godiva Fire pumps
1981 Red Jacket and Hydromatic merge to form Marley Pump.
Sterling Fluid Systems takes a half share in SIHI
1982 Pump Pompes Pumpen is relaunched as World Pumps Magazine
Biwater acquires W Allwin Pump
1984 Sihi buys the canned motor programme of Bran & Lubbe
1985 Dresser Industries acquires Worthington Simpson Ltd.
1986 KSB acquires Pompes Guinard
Pentair acquires FE Myers
Goulds Pumps acquires Lowara
1987 Weir buys Mather and Platt Machinery
Sihi France buys Schabaver
1988 Idex Corporation founded Braithwaite acquires SPP and sells off Godiva Fire Pumps
1989 Scanpump acquires ABS TBG acquires SPP Ltd part of Sterling Fluid Systems
1990 Dresser Industries acquires Mono Pumps Ltd Ingersoll=Rand acquires Scienco Ltd, Watson-Marlow bought by Spirax-Sarco
1991 Index acquires Corken;Baker Hughes acquires Geho
1992 Ingersoll-Rand and Dresser Industries merge their pump business to form Ingersoll Dresser Pumps
Warman acquires Girdlestone Pumps ; Idex acquires Pulsafeeder and Johnson Pump (UK) Ltd ; Weir buys Floway ; BW/IP buys ACEC
1993 United Dominion acquires Marley Pump ; Vogel acquires Ochsner, Sterling Fluid Systems acquires Labour
1994 Weir acquires Enviro Tech Pumpsystem, Warman acquires Barrett Haentjens ; Idex acquires HAle Products ; Goulds acquires Vogel ; ITT buys Richter Chemie-Technik ; Sundstrand acquires HMD Seal/less Pumps
1995 BW/IP acquires the Wilson-Snyder centrifugal pump business from National Oilwell Durametallic acquires Pacseal and then is bought by Duriron
1996 Hayward Tyler sold by Sterling Fluid System, which buys the remaining half share in SIHI Grundfos acquires Interdab Pump Industry Analyst launched
1997 BW/IP acquires Stork Pump's engineered pumps business ; Johnson Pumps Durco and BW/IP merge to form Flowserve ITT Industries acquires Goulds ; Index acquires Blagdon Pumps ; Textron acquires Magg Pump System ; Spirax-Sarco acquires Bredel Pentair acquires General Signal's Pump Group ; Constellation Capital acquires Imo;
1998 Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon buys Wallwin Pumps from Biwater ; Textron buys David Brown Union Pumps ; Constellation Capital buys Allweiler, Glynwed acquires Friatec ; Sundstrand acquires Ansimag and Masco Weir buys Schabaver.
Aug 26, 2009
Mar 11, 2009
History and materials
Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was quickly accepted because it proved superior to ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had been used before.
Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of wires twisted about a hemp rope core, six such strands then being twisted around another hemp rope core in alternating directions for extra stability. Earlier forms of wire rope had been made by covering a bundle of wires with hemp.
In America wire rope was later manufactured by John A. Roebling, forming the basis for his success in suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope.
Manufacturing a wire rope is similar to making one from natural fibres. The individual wires are first twisted into a strand, then six or so such strands again twisted around a core. This core may consist of steel, but also of natural fibres such as sisal, manila, henequen, jute, or hemp. This is used to cushion off stress forces when bending the rope.
This flexibility is particularly vital in ropes used in machinery such as cranes or elevators as well as ropes used in transportation modes such as cable cars, cable railways, funiculars and aerial lifts. It is not quite so essential in suspension bridges and similar uses.
Wire rope is often sold with vinyl and nylon coatings. This increases weather resistance and overall durability, however it can lead to weak joints if the coating is not removed correctly underneath joints and connections.
Lay of wire rope
Left-hand ordinary lay (LHOL) wire rope (close-up). Right-hand lay strands are laid into a left-hand lay rope.
Right-hand Lang's lay (RHLL) wire rope (close-up). Right-hand lay strands are laid into a right-hand lay rope.The lay of a wire rope describes the manner in which either the wires in a strand, or the strands in the rope, are laid in a helix.
Left and right hand lay
Left hand lay or right hand lay describe the manner in which the strands are laid to form the rope. To determine the lay of strands in the rope, a viewer looks at the rope as it points away from them. If the strands appear to turn in a clockwise direction, or like a right-hand thread, as the strands progress away from the viewer, the rope has a right hand lay. The picture of steel wire rope on this page shows a rope with right hand lay. If the strands appear to turn in an anti-clockwise direction, or like a left-hand thread, as the strands progress away from the viewer, the rope has a left hand lay. (The rope in the left hand lay photo shows one left hand lay rope from left to right and top to bottom, with 5 right hand lay strands, and part of a sixth in the upper left. It is not 5 right hand lay ropes adjacent to each other.)
Ordinary, Lang's and alternate lay
Ordinary and Lang's lay describe the manner in which the wires are laid to form a strand of the wire rope. To determine which has been used first identify if left or right hand lay has been used to make the rope. Then identify if a right or left hand lay has been used to twist the wires in each strand.
Ordinary lay The lay of wires in each strand is in the opposite direction to the lay of the strands that form the wire.
Lang's lay The lay of wires in each strand is in the same direction as the lay of the strands that form the wire.
Alternate lay The lay of wires in the strands alternate around the rope between being in the opposite and same direction to the lay of the strands that form the wire rope.
Regular lay Alternate term for ordinary lay.
Albert's lay Archaic term for Lang's lay.
Reverse lay Alternate term for alternate lay.
Spring lay This is not a term used to classify a lay as defined in this section.
It refers to a specific construction type of wire rope.
Construction and specification
Wire rope construction
This image of a fraying wire rope shows some individual wires.The specification of a wire rope type – including the number of wires per strand, the number of strands, and the lay of the rope – is documented using a commonly accepted coding system, consisting of a number of abbreviations.
This is easily demonstrated with a simple example. The rope shown in the figure "Wire rope construction" is designated thus: 6x19 FC RH OL FSWR
6 Number of strands that make up the rope
19 Number of wires that make up each strand
FC Fibre core
RH Right hand lay
OL Ordinary lay
FSWR Flexible steel wire rope
Each of the sections of the wire rope designation described above is variable. There are therefore a large number of combinations of wire rope that can be specified in this manner. The following abbreviations are commonly used to specify a wire rope.
Abbr. Description
FC Fibre core
FSWR Flexible steel wire rope
FW Filler wire
IWR Independent wire rope
IWRC Independent wire rope core
J Jute (fibre)
LH Left hand lay
LL Lang's lay
NR Non-rotating
OL Ordinary lay
RH Right hand lay
S Seale
SF Seale filler wire
SW Seale Warrington
SWL Safe working load
TS Triangular strand
W Warrington
WF Warriflex
WLL Working load limit
WS Warrington Seale
Terminations
Right-hand ordinary lay (RHOL) wire rope terminated in a loop with a thimble and Talurit brand swaged sleeve.The end of a wire rope tends to fray readily, and cannot be easily connected to plant and equipment. There are different ways of securing the ends of wire ropes to prevent fraying. The most common and useful type of end fitting for a wire rope is to turn the end back to form a loop. The loose end is then fixed back on the wire rope.
Thimbles
When the wire rope is terminated with a loop, there is a risk that it will bend too tightly, especially when the loop is connected to a device that spreads the load over a relatively small area. A thimble can be installed inside the loop to preserve the natural shape of the loop, and protect the cable from pinching and abrading on the inside of the loop. The use of thimbles in loops is industry best practice. The thimble prevents the load from coming into direct contact with the wires.
Wire rope clamps/clips (aka "Crosby Clips" or "Dog Clamps")
A wire rope clamp, also called a clip, is used to fix the loose end of the loop back to the wire rope. It usually consists of a u-shaped bolt, a forged saddle and two nuts. The two layers of wire rope are placed in the u-bolt. The saddle is then fitted over the ropes on to the bolt (the saddle includes two holes to fit to the u-bolt). The nuts secure the arrangement in place. Three or more clamps are usually used to terminate a wire rope. There is an old adage which has over time become the rule; when installing the three clamps to secure the loop at the end of your wire rope make sure you do not "Saddle a Dead Horse!" The saddle portion of the clamp assembly is placed and tightened on the opposite side of the terminal end of the cable.
Swaged terminations
Swaging is a method of wire rope termination that refers to the installation technique. The purpose of swaging wire rope fittings is to connect two wire rope ends together, or to otherwise terminate one end of wire rope to something else. A mechanical or hydraulic swager is used to compress and deform the fitting, creating a permanent connection. There are many types of swaged fittings. Threaded Studs, Ferrules, Sockets, and Sleeves a few examples.
Wedge Sockets
A wedge socket termination is useful when the fitting needs to be replaced frequently. For example, if the end of a wire rope is in a high-wear region, the rope may be periodically trimmed, requiring the termination hardware to be removed and reapplied. An example of this is on the ends of the drag ropes on a dragline. The end loop of the wire rope enters a tapered opening in the socket, wrapped around a separate component called the wedge. The arrangement is knocked in place, and load gradually eased onto the rope. As the load increases on the wire rope, the wedge become more secure, gripping the rope tighter.
Poured sockets
Used to make a high strength, permanent termination, poured sockets feature a conical cavity in line with the intended direction of strain. The end of the wire rope is inserted from the small end with the individual wires being splayed out inside the cone. The cone is then filled with molten zinc, or now more commonly, an epoxy resin compound.[1]
Eye splice
The ends of individual strands of this eye splice used aboard a cargo ship are served with natural fiber cord after the splicing is complete. This helps protect seaman's hands when handling.An eye splice may be used to terminate the loose end of a wire rope when forming a loop. The strands of the end of a wire rope are unwound a certain distance, and plaited back into the wire rope, forming the loop, or an eye, called an eye splice.
Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was quickly accepted because it proved superior to ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had been used before.
Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of wires twisted about a hemp rope core, six such strands then being twisted around another hemp rope core in alternating directions for extra stability. Earlier forms of wire rope had been made by covering a bundle of wires with hemp.
In America wire rope was later manufactured by John A. Roebling, forming the basis for his success in suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope.
Manufacturing a wire rope is similar to making one from natural fibres. The individual wires are first twisted into a strand, then six or so such strands again twisted around a core. This core may consist of steel, but also of natural fibres such as sisal, manila, henequen, jute, or hemp. This is used to cushion off stress forces when bending the rope.
This flexibility is particularly vital in ropes used in machinery such as cranes or elevators as well as ropes used in transportation modes such as cable cars, cable railways, funiculars and aerial lifts. It is not quite so essential in suspension bridges and similar uses.
Wire rope is often sold with vinyl and nylon coatings. This increases weather resistance and overall durability, however it can lead to weak joints if the coating is not removed correctly underneath joints and connections.
Lay of wire rope
Left-hand ordinary lay (LHOL) wire rope (close-up). Right-hand lay strands are laid into a left-hand lay rope.
Right-hand Lang's lay (RHLL) wire rope (close-up). Right-hand lay strands are laid into a right-hand lay rope.The lay of a wire rope describes the manner in which either the wires in a strand, or the strands in the rope, are laid in a helix.
Left and right hand lay
Left hand lay or right hand lay describe the manner in which the strands are laid to form the rope. To determine the lay of strands in the rope, a viewer looks at the rope as it points away from them. If the strands appear to turn in a clockwise direction, or like a right-hand thread, as the strands progress away from the viewer, the rope has a right hand lay. The picture of steel wire rope on this page shows a rope with right hand lay. If the strands appear to turn in an anti-clockwise direction, or like a left-hand thread, as the strands progress away from the viewer, the rope has a left hand lay. (The rope in the left hand lay photo shows one left hand lay rope from left to right and top to bottom, with 5 right hand lay strands, and part of a sixth in the upper left. It is not 5 right hand lay ropes adjacent to each other.)
Ordinary, Lang's and alternate lay
Ordinary and Lang's lay describe the manner in which the wires are laid to form a strand of the wire rope. To determine which has been used first identify if left or right hand lay has been used to make the rope. Then identify if a right or left hand lay has been used to twist the wires in each strand.
Ordinary lay The lay of wires in each strand is in the opposite direction to the lay of the strands that form the wire.
Lang's lay The lay of wires in each strand is in the same direction as the lay of the strands that form the wire.
Alternate lay The lay of wires in the strands alternate around the rope between being in the opposite and same direction to the lay of the strands that form the wire rope.
Regular lay Alternate term for ordinary lay.
Albert's lay Archaic term for Lang's lay.
Reverse lay Alternate term for alternate lay.
Spring lay This is not a term used to classify a lay as defined in this section.
It refers to a specific construction type of wire rope.
Construction and specification
Wire rope construction
This image of a fraying wire rope shows some individual wires.The specification of a wire rope type – including the number of wires per strand, the number of strands, and the lay of the rope – is documented using a commonly accepted coding system, consisting of a number of abbreviations.
This is easily demonstrated with a simple example. The rope shown in the figure "Wire rope construction" is designated thus: 6x19 FC RH OL FSWR
6 Number of strands that make up the rope
19 Number of wires that make up each strand
FC Fibre core
RH Right hand lay
OL Ordinary lay
FSWR Flexible steel wire rope
Each of the sections of the wire rope designation described above is variable. There are therefore a large number of combinations of wire rope that can be specified in this manner. The following abbreviations are commonly used to specify a wire rope.
Abbr. Description
FC Fibre core
FSWR Flexible steel wire rope
FW Filler wire
IWR Independent wire rope
IWRC Independent wire rope core
J Jute (fibre)
LH Left hand lay
LL Lang's lay
NR Non-rotating
OL Ordinary lay
RH Right hand lay
S Seale
SF Seale filler wire
SW Seale Warrington
SWL Safe working load
TS Triangular strand
W Warrington
WF Warriflex
WLL Working load limit
WS Warrington Seale
Terminations
Right-hand ordinary lay (RHOL) wire rope terminated in a loop with a thimble and Talurit brand swaged sleeve.The end of a wire rope tends to fray readily, and cannot be easily connected to plant and equipment. There are different ways of securing the ends of wire ropes to prevent fraying. The most common and useful type of end fitting for a wire rope is to turn the end back to form a loop. The loose end is then fixed back on the wire rope.
Thimbles
When the wire rope is terminated with a loop, there is a risk that it will bend too tightly, especially when the loop is connected to a device that spreads the load over a relatively small area. A thimble can be installed inside the loop to preserve the natural shape of the loop, and protect the cable from pinching and abrading on the inside of the loop. The use of thimbles in loops is industry best practice. The thimble prevents the load from coming into direct contact with the wires.
Wire rope clamps/clips (aka "Crosby Clips" or "Dog Clamps")
A wire rope clamp, also called a clip, is used to fix the loose end of the loop back to the wire rope. It usually consists of a u-shaped bolt, a forged saddle and two nuts. The two layers of wire rope are placed in the u-bolt. The saddle is then fitted over the ropes on to the bolt (the saddle includes two holes to fit to the u-bolt). The nuts secure the arrangement in place. Three or more clamps are usually used to terminate a wire rope. There is an old adage which has over time become the rule; when installing the three clamps to secure the loop at the end of your wire rope make sure you do not "Saddle a Dead Horse!" The saddle portion of the clamp assembly is placed and tightened on the opposite side of the terminal end of the cable.
Swaged terminations
Swaging is a method of wire rope termination that refers to the installation technique. The purpose of swaging wire rope fittings is to connect two wire rope ends together, or to otherwise terminate one end of wire rope to something else. A mechanical or hydraulic swager is used to compress and deform the fitting, creating a permanent connection. There are many types of swaged fittings. Threaded Studs, Ferrules, Sockets, and Sleeves a few examples.
Wedge Sockets
A wedge socket termination is useful when the fitting needs to be replaced frequently. For example, if the end of a wire rope is in a high-wear region, the rope may be periodically trimmed, requiring the termination hardware to be removed and reapplied. An example of this is on the ends of the drag ropes on a dragline. The end loop of the wire rope enters a tapered opening in the socket, wrapped around a separate component called the wedge. The arrangement is knocked in place, and load gradually eased onto the rope. As the load increases on the wire rope, the wedge become more secure, gripping the rope tighter.
Poured sockets
Used to make a high strength, permanent termination, poured sockets feature a conical cavity in line with the intended direction of strain. The end of the wire rope is inserted from the small end with the individual wires being splayed out inside the cone. The cone is then filled with molten zinc, or now more commonly, an epoxy resin compound.[1]
Eye splice
The ends of individual strands of this eye splice used aboard a cargo ship are served with natural fiber cord after the splicing is complete. This helps protect seaman's hands when handling.An eye splice may be used to terminate the loose end of a wire rope when forming a loop. The strands of the end of a wire rope are unwound a certain distance, and plaited back into the wire rope, forming the loop, or an eye, called an eye splice.
Feb 20, 2009
Valve Defination
Valve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Valve (disambiguation). For the electronic component, see Thermionic valve. For the game development company see Valve Corporation.
These water valves are operated by handles.A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or liquids) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category.
Valves are also found in the human body. For example, there are several which control the flow of blood in the chambers of the heart and maintain the correct pumping action (see heart valve article).
Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transportation.
Oil and gas, power generation, mining, water reticulation, sewerage and chemical manufacturing are the industries in which the majority of valves are used.
Plumbing valves, such as taps for hot and cold water are the most noticeable types of valves. Other valves encountered on a daily basis include gas control valves on cookers and barbecues, small valves fitted to washing machines and dishwashers, and safety devices fitted to hot water systems.
Valves may be operated manually, either by a hand wheel, lever or pedal. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature or flow. These changes may act upon a diaphram or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or steam boilers.
More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements.
Valves are also found in the Otto cycle (internal combustion) engines driven by a camshaft, lifters and or push rods where they play a major role in engine cycle control.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Valve (disambiguation). For the electronic component, see Thermionic valve. For the game development company see Valve Corporation.
These water valves are operated by handles.A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, fluidized solids, slurries, or liquids) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category.
Valves are also found in the human body. For example, there are several which control the flow of blood in the chambers of the heart and maintain the correct pumping action (see heart valve article).
Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transportation.
Oil and gas, power generation, mining, water reticulation, sewerage and chemical manufacturing are the industries in which the majority of valves are used.
Plumbing valves, such as taps for hot and cold water are the most noticeable types of valves. Other valves encountered on a daily basis include gas control valves on cookers and barbecues, small valves fitted to washing machines and dishwashers, and safety devices fitted to hot water systems.
Valves may be operated manually, either by a hand wheel, lever or pedal. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature or flow. These changes may act upon a diaphram or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or steam boilers.
More complex control systems using valves requiring automatic control based on an external input (i.e., regulating flow through a pipe to a changing set point) require an actuator. An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements.
Valves are also found in the Otto cycle (internal combustion) engines driven by a camshaft, lifters and or push rods where they play a major role in engine cycle control.
Jan 16, 2009
What Can You Be?
A musician must make music,
an artist must paint,
a poet must write,
if he is to be at peace with himself.
What a man can be, he must be. Abraham Maslow
If you are doing what you really want to do with your life, you are truly blessed. And you have been a blessing to yourself and the world, by knowing your dream and making it happen for you. Be grateful to yourself. Make a joyful noise and applaud yourself.
If you are not doing something that brings you joy and fulfillment, why not? It is never too late to make a change. You might have many situations in your life that would make a change challenging. But you are the only one who can decide that it is too late, and if you have decided that, you have essentially given up.
Change is always possible, and the universe is ready and waiting for you to express your goal and begin to work toward it. The universe will give you all the support you need if you just ask. Then hold the picture of your success in your mind and follow through with right action for its accom-plishment. You can’t go wrong! You will be a better person for it. And the world will be a better place.
Go4It!
an artist must paint,
a poet must write,
if he is to be at peace with himself.
What a man can be, he must be. Abraham Maslow
If you are doing what you really want to do with your life, you are truly blessed. And you have been a blessing to yourself and the world, by knowing your dream and making it happen for you. Be grateful to yourself. Make a joyful noise and applaud yourself.
If you are not doing something that brings you joy and fulfillment, why not? It is never too late to make a change. You might have many situations in your life that would make a change challenging. But you are the only one who can decide that it is too late, and if you have decided that, you have essentially given up.
Change is always possible, and the universe is ready and waiting for you to express your goal and begin to work toward it. The universe will give you all the support you need if you just ask. Then hold the picture of your success in your mind and follow through with right action for its accom-plishment. You can’t go wrong! You will be a better person for it. And the world will be a better place.
Go4It!
Jan 14, 2009
Mistaking Arrogance for Confidence
Arrogance results from our inclination to judge our self-worth by comparison with others. Genuinely confident people, on the other hand, are aware of their intrinsic personal strength or merit.
Confidence makes genuine altruism possible. Confident people are free to care for others and fight for their happiness with the hope that it exceeds even their own.
The essential difference between arrogance and confidence is one of quality and origin. Arrogance is needy and dependent on others, derived from comparison with the external. Confidence is free and independent of others, found and cultivated in the self.
Confidence makes genuine altruism possible. Confident people are free to care for others and fight for their happiness with the hope that it exceeds even their own.
The essential difference between arrogance and confidence is one of quality and origin. Arrogance is needy and dependent on others, derived from comparison with the external. Confidence is free and independent of others, found and cultivated in the self.
Three Things In Life
Three things in life that once gone, never come back:
TIME, WORDS and OPPORTUNITY
Three things in life that may never be lost:
PEACE, HOPE and HONESTY
Three things in life that are most valuable:
LOVE, SELF CONFIDENCE and FRIENDS
Three things in life that are never certain:
DREAMS, SUCCESS and FORTUNE
Three things in life that make a man:
HARD WORK, SINCERITY and COMMITMENT
Three things in life that can destroy a man:
WINE, PRIDE and ANGER
TIME, WORDS and OPPORTUNITY
Three things in life that may never be lost:
PEACE, HOPE and HONESTY
Three things in life that are most valuable:
LOVE, SELF CONFIDENCE and FRIENDS
Three things in life that are never certain:
DREAMS, SUCCESS and FORTUNE
Three things in life that make a man:
HARD WORK, SINCERITY and COMMITMENT
Three things in life that can destroy a man:
WINE, PRIDE and ANGER
Jan 9, 2009
True Love, Ideal Love or Real Love?
True love should be transformative, a process that amplifies our capacity to cherish not just one person but all people. It can make us stronger, lift us higher and deepen us as individuals. Only to the extent that one polishes oneself now can one hope to develop wonderful bonds of the heart in the future.
Ideal love is fostered only between two sincere, mature and independent people. It is the inner struggle to polish these attributes that is the key.
Real love is not two people clinging to each other; it can only be fostered between two strong people secure in their individuality.
True love should be transformative, a process that amplifies our capacity to cherish not just one person but all people. It can make us stronger, lift us higher and deepen us as individuals. Only to the extent that one polishes oneself now can one hope to develop wonderful bonds of the heart in the future.
Ideal love is fostered only between two sincere, mature and independent people. It is the inner struggle to polish these attributes that is the key.
Real love is not two people clinging to each other; it can only be fostered between two strong people secure in their individuality.
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